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  • Corporate documentsDatum27.01.2024 17:26
    Thema von MartinRoberts im Forum Dies ist ein Forum in...

    Corporate documents, also known as legal documents - are set of specific documents, where all the necessary facts regarding the company are written. These documents are known as face of the company, because they are the source of official information about the company. Whenever a company is founded or changes are made, documents including facts about the company or the facts about the corporate changes must be filed with the Register of Enterprises. The Register will change information in Commercial register and attach the submitted documents to the company's file so any person is authorized to acquire the official facts about the company.

    There are different types of corporate documents, each containing different information. The most important set of documents are known as constitutive documents, such as Memorandum of Incorporation and Articles of association.

    Every document has strict requirements and specific form. A signature in some documents must be notarised in order to have a binding effect. These documents are usually drafted by lawyers or by the law offices that specialise in commercial law. It is important to keep in mind that the status and requirements of legal documents vary between jurisdictions. Moreover, the names of the documents can vary in different countries.

    Corporate documents required for company incorporation
    To form a company, two basic founding documents are necessary:

    Memorandum of association
    It contains the fundamental conditions upon which the company is allowed to operate. The document consists of information like firm of the company, data on the founders, information about the equity capital of the company, admissible amount of the foundation expenses and their payment order, etc.;
    Articles of association
    It generally defines the responsibilities of the board, the type of business to be executed, and means by which the owners exert control over the board of directors. Upon consent of the founders the Articles of association may include specific provisions regarding decision making, restrictions of the board, competence of the council, other specific conditions regarding the process of shares transfer.
    Other secondary documents may be demanded. These are as follows:

    An application of the local commercial registry – every state has its own form that must be submitted for any changes to take place;
    Declaration of each board member / Consent of board member; List of shareholders / A division of the register of shareholders (for limited liability company);
    Declaration of company address / Announcement of an office address;
    Bank notice on the payment of the equity capital;
    Receipt for payment of the state fee;

  • Thema von MartinRoberts im Forum Dies ist ein Forum in...

    In general, all jurisdictions can be divided into classic offshore, low-tax jurisdictions and prestige jurisdictions. The prestige of a jurisdiction corresponds to its rank, which is determined by considering and evaluating information from the International Sanctions List, the OECD Gray or Black List and the EU Jurisdiction White List as well as data on the development of financial markets to determine whether the jurisdiction is FATF AML is deficient and whether there are money laundering concerns. These are the basic criteria that matter in determining whether the jurisdiction is prestigious or not. It cannot be considered prestigious if it is on a financial blacklist.

    Austria, France, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Switzerland are among the top five most reputable jurisdictions for incorporating a company.

    A general overview of Austria
    Registering a company or start-up in this territory allows the owner(s) to participate in all projects initiated by the Austrian government. The basic company types available are LLC, ULP, PJSC, PLLC, LLP, and JSC.

    Taxes: The income tax rate is 25%, with a minimum corporation tax of EUR 500, plus 20% VAT and a capital tax that varies between 0.8% and 1%. If the subsidiary is registered within the EU, the tax rate on dividend income is 0%; if not, it is 25%.

    Austria has agreements with more than 90 countries that enable companies to avoid double taxation. It has no exchange control. This jurisdiction ensures the confidentiality of business data.


    A general overview of France
    France is a respectable jurisdiction that allows your company to offer products and services bearing the mark of a European company. The basic legal structures available are SP, GP, PJSC, PJSC, LLC, CLS and LLPE.

    France offers a number of options: the ability to obtain credit from French banks, the ability to obtain a residence permit, no taxation for companies registered in the country doing business outside of France, and no exchange controls. France has agreements with more than 89 other countries that allow companies to avoid double taxation.



    A general overview of the United States of America
    The US offers a respectable, highly trusted jurisdiction for a company to register, allowing it to offer products and services bearing a US company's trademark. This jurisdiction does not impose tax obligations on entities designated as non-resident and also permits nominee services. There is no taxation for companies incorporated in the country that do all their business outside of the United States.

    The basic legal structures available are private contractor, corporation, branch of a foreign corporation, representative office of a foreign corporation, partnership, LLC, joint venture, or LLJSC.


    A general overview of Switzerland
    The good reputation of this jurisdiction is based on several factors, such as strong business development, a dynamic economy and a track record of innovation. The main corporate forms available in Switzerland are LLC, ULP, JSC, Commandite Partnership and Subsidiary.

    Switzerland offers a high level of confidentiality, the world's leading currency, mechanisms to avoid double taxation, an appropriate tax system with tax rates depending on residence, income level and legal form of the company, tax optimization opportunities and the possibility

    A general overview of the United Kingdom
    The UK is considered a respectable jurisdiction due to its high level of legal protection, a simple and transparent tax system, the ability to charge VAT and the availability of nominee services.

    The basic company types available in the UK are PC, limited liability company by guarantee, ULC and LLC. Again, there are no tax obligations for UK registered companies operating exclusively outside the country. Corporate tax rates depend on profit (between 20% and 24%). The UK has agreements with more than 100 countries that allow companies to avoid double taxation.

  • Limited liability partnershipDatum06.08.2023 15:06
    Thema von MartinRoberts im Forum Dies ist ein Forum in...

    A limited liability partnership is a type of partnership in which each partner’s liability is limited to the total value of their contributions. In other words, the liability of each partner does not place their personal assets at risk, only the assets they have contributed to the partnership. This can vary to some degree, depending on the jurisdiction and the provisions of the partnership contract.

  • EU VAT solutionDatum18.07.2023 10:09
    Thema von MartinRoberts im Forum Dies ist ein Forum in...

    The most popular trading scenario involving companies registered in the EU is the VAT triangulation scheme. Triangulation rules were specially devised in order to simplify cross-border trading, so that EU companies wouldn’t have to register for a VAT number in each EU member state to which they deliver goods. Although triangulation is easy to understand, it seems that for many business owners this trading model is a significant source of misunderstanding.

    The first rule to remember is that the model must involve three companies, registered in three different EU member states, each with its own VAT number. One company sells goods to another company, which then sells the same goods on to the third company. However, the goods are transported directly from the first company to the final (third) company.

  • Company formation in IrelandDatum10.05.2023 15:33
    Thema von MartinRoberts im Forum Dies ist ein Forum in...

    Ireland has a corporate tax rate of 12.5%, which is one of the lowest in the European Union. Companies that operate under VAT have to pay tax on purchases at 23%. Certain services, like those related to certain foodstuffs, children's car seats, social housing, renovation and repair of private dwellings, cleaning in private households, some agricultural supplies, and others, benefit from a 13.5% VAT rate.

  • Company formation in KyrgyzstanDatum18.03.2023 14:00
    Thema von MartinRoberts im Forum Dies ist ein Forum in...

    The development of telecommunications and economic globalization have made it possible for interested investors to set up companies all over the world. With proper research, financial investment and legal backing, business ventures can be safely incorporated in almost any country in the world. Building an international business used to be a complicated entrepreneurial venture, but today it is commonplace with the help of experienced legal and business advisors.

    The advantages of founding a company abroad are as numerous as they are obvious. Many countries offer specific locational advantages, ranging from natural resources and well-established infrastructure to beneficial laws and regulations that encourage growth in a particular industry. Likewise, it can be difficult to start a business or an acquisition in your own country due to adverse situations: political or regulatory environment, lack of resources and more. In this situation, it makes sense to consider an overseas option that offers greater opportunities for growth, development, and success.

    Company registration in Kyrgyzstan
    When starting a business in Kyrgyzstan, an interested investor must conduct due diligence on legal procedures, international regulations and sufficient investments for success. It is crucial to understand cultural, social and political factors that influence starting and growing one's business. Failure to do so may result in unintended consequences. Poorly researched and toneless international launches often end in disaster as time, money and energy is wasted due to poor planning.

    Legal Documents
    Every country in the world presents its own intricate challenges when it comes to starting, developing and maintaining a business. Owners, financiers and investors must make these commitments with the support of a knowledgeable and experienced legal team. Only someone with in-depth knowledge of local and international corporate law will be able to set up an overseas business while avoiding the pitfalls that plague many new businesses.

    Additionally, smart business people can consider ways to invest in foreign companies without actually starting their own businesses. In these situations, it is still beneficial for the investor to partner with a knowledgeable global economics and litigation advisor. International investments create a truly diverse portfolio that offers growth opportunities that were unthinkable decades ago.

    Potential investors, venture capitalists and entrepreneurs should consider the existing infrastructure in Kyrgyzstan when planning to start a new business. While extensive infrastructure and systems can help make the process of starting a business a smooth one, it could also represent market saturation and reduced growth potential. On the other hand, a lack of infrastructure is often a major obstacle to growth; However, the lack of infrastructure points to a clear market opening for a creative and efficient new business.

    Bank account opening in Kyrgyzstan
    In connection with the establishment of a company, it is necessary to open one or more bank accounts in Kyrgyzstan. Confidus Solutions offers the ability to open a bank account in over twenty jurisdictions, making it easy for you to avoid challenging language barriers or bureaucratic hassles.

    Virtual office in Kyrgyzstan
    Since a registered address is a necessity for international business, Confidus Solutions enables foreign investors to set up a virtual office in Kyrgyzstan. This address allows international entrepreneurs to accept mail, arrange for shipping and set up a registered bank account in their country of business.

    Tax regulations
    If you are in the process of researching a business formation in Kyrgyzstan, consult a lawyer or consultant with extensive experience in the area you are considering. This advisor can help you with everything from laws and tax structures to local helpers. You need to consider every aspect from the local office to your highest organizational structure; Make sure you recruit the best possible mentors as you embark on this exciting but challenging process.

  • Company formation in MacedoniaDatum06.11.2022 14:04
    Thema von MartinRoberts im Forum Dies ist ein Forum in...

    The development of telecommunications and economic globalization have made it possible for interested investors to set up companies all over the world. With proper research, financial investment and legal backing, business ventures can be safely incorporated in almost any country in the world. Building an international business used to be a complicated entrepreneurial venture, but today it is commonplace with the help of experienced legal and business advisors.

    The advantages of founding a company abroad are as numerous as they are obvious. Many countries offer specific locational advantages, ranging from natural resources and well-established infrastructure to beneficial laws and regulations that encourage growth in a particular industry. Likewise, it can be difficult to start a business or an acquisition in your own country due to adverse situations: political or regulatory environment, lack of resources and more. In this situation, it makes sense to consider an overseas option that offers greater opportunities for growth, development, and success.

    Company registration in Macedonia
    When starting a business in Macedonia, an interested investor must conduct due diligence regarding legal procedures, international regulations and sufficient investments for success. It is crucial to understand cultural, social and political factors that influence starting and growing one's business. Failure to do so may result in unintended consequences. Poorly researched and toneless international launches often end in disaster as time, money and energy is wasted due to poor planning.

    Contact us for additional information on incorporating a company within the jurisdiction of Macedonia.

    Legal Documents
    Every country in the world presents its own intricate challenges when it comes to starting, developing and maintaining a business. Owners, financiers and investors must make these commitments with the support of a knowledgeable and experienced legal team. Only someone with in-depth knowledge of local and international corporate law will be able to set up an overseas business while avoiding the pitfalls that plague many new businesses.

    Additionally, smart business people can consider ways to invest in foreign companies without actually starting their own businesses. In these situations, it is still beneficial for the investor to partner with a knowledgeable global economics and litigation advisor. International investments create a truly diverse portfolio that offers growth opportunities that were unthinkable decades ago.

    Potential investors, venture capitalists and entrepreneurs should consider the existing infrastructure in Macedonia when planning to start a new business. While extensive infrastructure and systems can help make the process of starting a business a smooth one, it could also represent market saturation and reduced growth potential. On the other hand, a lack of infrastructure is often a major obstacle to growth; However, the lack of infrastructure points to a clear market opening for a creative and efficient new business.

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